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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. T cells produce IL-14, and its principal effects are stimulation of activated B cell proliferation and inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-14 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj3dkqi6 Copy   

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Authors: Sade Aisha Folashade John, Patrick E. Akpaka, Chandrashekhar Unakal, Arvind Kurhade, Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Enterobacteriaceae the leading cause of gastroenteritis. These gram- negative bacteria from species like Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio and Helicobacter etc are among those that cause severe disease in consumers, especially those that indulge in uncooked seafood. Oysters have been shown to harbour these pathogenic organisms, which pose a major health risk. Numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to oyster consumption have been reported worldwide because of the enteric bacteria as well as viral pathogen contaminationThis research was conducted to identify the Enterobacteriaceae present in oysters sold by vendors in Trinidad. During a five-month period (the rainy season, May - September), a total of 156 oyster samples (comprising 104 oysters samples and 52 water samples of the prepared, unprepared oyster cocktails plus the water used by vendors) were analysed. These samples were collected from roadside vendors operating near to the coastal line of the Western part of Trinidad These were processed at the microbiology unit of the Department of Para-clinical Sciences of the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine using standard microbiology techniques. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the recovered organisms were performed using the Kirby Bauer method for the following antibiotics- Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Cefuroxime and Ceftazidime. The SPSS 21 programme was used to analyse the biometric data and a chi-square test was used to determine if there was any significant difference between the kinds of preparation cocktails with respect to the coliform and organisms found.Results of the 104 oyster samples tested, 112 isolates were obtained, 13.4% (15/112) were E.coli of which 0.1% (1/15) was the 0157:H7 strain; 72.3% (81/112) were Shigella species of which 27.2% (22/81) were Shigella dysenteriae; 14.3% (16/112) were Salmonella species of which 25% (4/16) were Salmonella cubana. The susceptibility profiles of the organisms revealed that 86.5% of Shigella, 100% of E.coli and 93.7% of the Salmonella were resistant to multiple antibiotics. With the recovery of these organisms from these samples, the health of the Trinidadian and foreign consumers of mangrove oysters is at risk particularly from Shigella, E.coli and Salmonella species. As a result, there should be an increased need for public awareness as well as regulations by the Ministry of Health to be made so that illness from these hazardous Enterobacteriaceae can be prevented.

Proper citation: Sade Aisha Folashade John, Patrick E. Akpaka, Chandrashekhar Unakal, Arvind Kurhade, Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Detection of total and faecal coliforms in the oysters. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj6hkrb6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: A previous protocol was contaminated with IL-17. This is an improved version of an ELISA for quantification of Interleukin 23. It activates the production of IL-17A, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, produced by a group of T helper cell known as T- helper17 lymphocytes in response to the said IL-23 [1,2].Reference1. Cho ML, Kang JW, Moon YM, Nam HJ, Jhun JY, Heo SB, Jin HT, Min SY, Ju JH, Park KS, Cho YG, Yoon CH, Park SH, Sung YC, Kim HY (May 2006). Journal of Immunology. 176 (9): 5652–61. 2. Nobee A, Justiz-Vaillant A, Akpaka PE, Poon-King P (2016) Levels of Interleukin 17 and 23 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Trinidad and Tobago. Immunochem Immunopathol 2: 115. doi: 10.4172/2469- 9756.1000115

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Improved protocol of ELISA for determining the serum concentration of IL-23 in humans.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjzakp2e Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Suzette E. Curtello
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Salmonella are motile, flagellated rod-shaped Zoonotic pathogens which may survive with or without oxygen and do not absorb crystal violet stain.They are decolourised by alcohol due to their outer lipopolysaccharide membrane and thin peptidoglycan layer.They belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is implicated with typhoid fever and food-borne illnesses.This pathogen is associated with intestinal disease which may become fatal and has negatively impact the health of individuals and various economies globally.The poultry industry is most impacted and vulnerable to the onslaught of this pernicious microbe.The Lipopolysaccharide Somatic O antigen, flagellar H and virulent V antigenic structure determines the serotype designate of Salmonella species [1]. A wide range of antisera is used in the location of the O antigen associated with the carbohydrate constituent of Lipopolysaccharide and H protein antigen linked with the flagella of the bacteria.Salmonellosis is an inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining by Salmonella bacteria infiltration resulting in painful symptoms.Both man and animal are vulnerable.Salmonellosis is caused by ingestion of Salmonella with food (Wall et al., 1994).The main route of transmission of Salmonella microbe is fecal-oral. Ingestion of small concentration of Salmonella such as 6 cells with contaminated food or water will lead to salmonellosis infection [2].References1. Varma JK, Marcus R, Stenzel SA, et al. Highly resistant Salmonella Newport-MDRAmpC transmitted through the domestic US food supply: a FoodNet case-control study of sporadic Salmonella Newport infections, 2002-2003.J Infect Dis. 2006;194(2):222-230. doi:10.1086/505084.2. Chen W, Martinez G, Mulchandani A. Molecular beacons: a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Salmonella.Anal Biochem. 2000;280(1):166-172. doi:10.1006/abio.2000.4518

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Suzette E. Curtello 2020. Salmonella Typhimurium isolation from specimens. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjjdkki6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant1, Arvind Kurhade1, Chandrashekhar Unakal1, Patrick E. Akpaka1, Sade Aisha Folashade John1
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant1, Arvind Kurhade1, Chandrashekhar Unakal1, Patrick E. Akpaka1, Sade Aisha Folashade John1 2020. Isolation of Escherichia coli pathogens from oysters. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj6ikrce Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Binding properties of immunoglobulin-binding protein by double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony) technique. . protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjqdkms6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Macrophages mostly make IL-18, which can be produced by hepatocytes and keratinocytes. Its principal target is a co-factor in Th1 cell induction. It causes interferon gamma production and enhances NK cell activity. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-18 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj3hkqj6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Chicken immunization with peptides is inefective if only just the peptides are being inoculated. However, to make the immune response effective the fragment 254-274 of HIV-1 was conjugated with a carrier protein (KLH) that produced a critical immune response, assessed by ELISA, Immunoblot analysis and dot blot [1-4]. The Polson method (1990) can be used effectively to separate the IgY antibody from the egg yolk of immunized chickens [5].References1. Schade R, Pfister C, Italatsch R, Henklien P (1991) Polyclonal antibodies from chicken egg yolk-an alternative to the production of mammalian IgG type antibodies in rabbits. ATLA 19: 403-419. 2. Justiz Vaillant AA, Akpaka PE, Smikle M, McFarlane-Anderson N (2012) In vitro Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates by Anti-Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies to Staphylococcal Protein (SpA). J Vaccines Vaccin 3: 127-131.3. Collins AM, Roberton DM, Hosking CS, Flannery GR (1991) Oral immunization with xenogeneic antibodies stimulates the production of systemic and mucosal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Immunology 73: 388-393. 4. Ho DD, Kaplan JC, Rackauskas IE, Gurney ME (1988) Second conserved domain of gp120 is important for HIV infectivity and antibody neutralization. Science 239: 1021-1023. 5. Polson A (1990) Isolation of IgY from the yolks of eggs by a chloroform polyethylene glycol procedure. Immunol Invest 19: 253-258.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Chicken immunization with Keyhole limpet hemocynin (KLH)-gp120 fragment (254-274) conjugate raises anti-KLH antibodies in egg yolks.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjvtkn6n Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: IgG is a monomer with an approximate molecular weight of 146 Kd and a serum concentration of 9.0 mg/mL. It is synthesized mostly in the secondary immune response to pathogens. IgG can activate the classical pathway of the complement system, and it also is highly protective. The four subclasses of IgG include IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. IgG crosses the placentae, protecting the neonate from infectious diseases. [1]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme 2020. ELISA for quantification of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj7skrne Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Regulatory B cells mainly secrete IL-35. One of the primary functions of this interleukin is its involvement in lymphocyte differentiation. It exhibits an immune-suppressive effect. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-35 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj37kqrn Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Il-38 acts on T cells and inhibits the synthesis of IL-17 and IL-22. The placenta, tonsil's B lymphocytes, spleen, skin, and thymus widely express IL-38. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-38 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj4dkqs6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Immune cells and activated epithelial cells secrete IL-20. It acts on epithelial cells. It plays a vital role in the cellular communication between epithelial cells and the immune system under inflammatory conditions.[1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-20 in human serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bkewktfe Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. IL-31 is produced mainly by Th2 cells and dendritic cells. It is a proinflammatory cytokine and a chemotactic factor that direct polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, and T cells to inflammatory lesions. IL-31 induces chemokines production and synthesis of IL-6, IL-16, and IL-32. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-31 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bkemktc6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: IFN-γ is a key player in driving cellular immunity. It is capable of orchestrating numerous and vital protective functions to enhance immune responses in cancers and infectious diseases. It exhibits its immunomodulatory effects by enhancing antigen processing and presentation,, inducing an anti-viral state, increasing leukocyte trafficking, boosting the anti-microbial properties of immune cells and by affecting cellular proliferation and apoptosis. [1]ReferenceKak G, Raza M, Tiwari BK. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases.Biomol Concepts. 2018;9(1):64-79. Published 2018 May 30. doi:10.1515/bmc-2018-0007

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme 2020. ELISA for quantification of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj7rkrm6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Binding properties of immunoglobulin-binding protein by double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony) technique.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjsjkncn Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Dendritic cells produced predominantly IL-25. It acts on various types of cells, including Th2 cells. It stimulates the synthesis of Th2 cytokine profile including IL-4 and IL-13. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-25 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj3tkqnn Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukin 23 activates the production of IL-17A, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, produced by a group of T helper cell known as T- helper17 lymphocytes in response to the said IL-23 [1,2].Reference1. Cho ML, Kang JW, Moon YM, Nam HJ, Jhun JY, Heo SB, Jin HT, Min SY, Ju JH, Park KS, Cho YG, Yoon CH, Park SH, Sung YC, Kim HY (May 2006). Journal of Immunology. 176 (9): 5652–61. 2. Nobee A, Justiz-Vaillant A, Akpaka PE, Poon-King P (2016) Levels of Interleukin 17 and 23 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Trinidad and Tobago. Immunochem Immunopathol 2: 115. doi: 10.4172/2469- 9756.1000115

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determining the serum concentration of IL-23 in humans.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjy2kpye Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Monica F. Smikle
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Streptococcal protein G is an immunoglobulin-binding protein that interacts with the Fc region of many mammalian immunoglobulins [1].References1.Vaillant AJ, McFarlane-Andersonv N, Wisdom B, Mohammed W, Vuma S, et al. (2013) Immunoglobulin-binding Bacterial Proteins (IBP) Conjugates and their Reactivity with Immunoglobulin in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). J Anal Bioanal Tech 4: 175. doi:10.4172/2155-9872.1000175

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Monica F. Smikle 2020. Direct ELISA for investigating the binding of Protein-G to immunoglobulins.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjxrkpm6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. NK cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes make IL-21. It acts on various immune cells of innate and the adaptive immune systems. IL-21 promotes B and T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. It enhances NK cell activity. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-21 in human serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bketkten Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Various phagocytes and epithelial cells synthesize Interleukin-34 (IL-34). It enhances IL-6 production and participates in the differentiation and development of antigen-presenting cells including microglia. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-34 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj36kqre Copy   

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