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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. T cells produce IL-14, and its principal effects are stimulation of activated B cell proliferation and inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-14 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj3dkqi6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: A previous protocol was contaminated with IL-17. This is an improved version of an ELISA for quantification of Interleukin 23. It activates the production of IL-17A, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, produced by a group of T helper cell known as T- helper17 lymphocytes in response to the said IL-23 [1,2].Reference1. Cho ML, Kang JW, Moon YM, Nam HJ, Jhun JY, Heo SB, Jin HT, Min SY, Ju JH, Park KS, Cho YG, Yoon CH, Park SH, Sung YC, Kim HY (May 2006). Journal of Immunology. 176 (9): 5652–61. 2. Nobee A, Justiz-Vaillant A, Akpaka PE, Poon-King P (2016) Levels of Interleukin 17 and 23 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Trinidad and Tobago. Immunochem Immunopathol 2: 115. doi: 10.4172/2469- 9756.1000115

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Improved protocol of ELISA for determining the serum concentration of IL-23 in humans.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjzakp2e Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Summary: Chemical synthesis facilitates the generation of peptides which are exceedingly difficult to express in bacteria, peptide/protein backbone modification, the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, and the production or synthesis of D-proteins. The C-terminal cysteine can be added to the amino acidic sequences of HIV peptides (fragment 579-601 of the HIV-gp41 [1]. These peptide fragments were dimerized by cysteine oxidation with dimethyl-sulfoxide [2] to facilitate their conjugation to keyhole limpet hemocyanin that acts as a carrier protein. Reference:McPhee DA, Kemp BE, Cumming S, Stapleton D, Gust ID, Doherty RR. Recognition of envelope and tat protein synthetic peptide analogs by HIV positive sera or plasma. FEBS Lett. 1988;233(2):393-396. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80468-x. Tam JP, Wu CR, Liu w, Zhang JW (1991) Disulfide bond formation in peptides by dimethyl sulfoxide. Scope and applications. J Am Chem Soc 113: 66576662.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Peptide fragment (579-601 from HIV-gp41) conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin to be used as HIV immunogen.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjibkkan Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Suzette E. Curtello
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Salmonella are motile, flagellated rod-shaped Zoonotic pathogens which may survive with or without oxygen and do not absorb crystal violet stain.They are decolourised by alcohol due to their outer lipopolysaccharide membrane and thin peptidoglycan layer.They belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is implicated with typhoid fever and food-borne illnesses.This pathogen is associated with intestinal disease which may become fatal and has negatively impact the health of individuals and various economies globally.The poultry industry is most impacted and vulnerable to the onslaught of this pernicious microbe.The Lipopolysaccharide Somatic O antigen, flagellar H and virulent V antigenic structure determines the serotype designate of Salmonella species [1]. A wide range of antisera is used in the location of the O antigen associated with the carbohydrate constituent of Lipopolysaccharide and H protein antigen linked with the flagella of the bacteria.Salmonellosis is an inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining by Salmonella bacteria infiltration resulting in painful symptoms.Both man and animal are vulnerable.Salmonellosis is caused by ingestion of Salmonella with food (Wall et al., 1994).The main route of transmission of Salmonella microbe is fecal-oral. Ingestion of small concentration of Salmonella such as 6 cells with contaminated food or water will lead to salmonellosis infection [2].References1. Varma JK, Marcus R, Stenzel SA, et al. Highly resistant Salmonella Newport-MDRAmpC transmitted through the domestic US food supply: a FoodNet case-control study of sporadic Salmonella Newport infections, 2002-2003.J Infect Dis. 2006;194(2):222-230. doi:10.1086/505084.2. Chen W, Martinez G, Mulchandani A. Molecular beacons: a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Salmonella.Anal Biochem. 2000;280(1):166-172. doi:10.1006/abio.2000.4518

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Suzette E. Curtello 2020. Salmonella Typhimurium isolation from specimens. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjjdkki6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Binding properties of immunoglobulin-binding protein by double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony) technique. . protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjqdkms6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Macrophages mostly make IL-18, which can be produced by hepatocytes and keratinocytes. Its principal target is a co-factor in Th1 cell induction. It causes interferon gamma production and enhances NK cell activity. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-18 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj3hkqj6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Chicken immunization with peptides is inefective if only just the peptides are being inoculated. However, to make the immune response effective the fragment 254-274 of HIV-1 was conjugated with a carrier protein (KLH) that produced a critical immune response, assessed by ELISA, Immunoblot analysis and dot blot [1-4]. The Polson method (1990) can be used effectively to separate the IgY antibody from the egg yolk of immunized chickens [5].References1. Schade R, Pfister C, Italatsch R, Henklien P (1991) Polyclonal antibodies from chicken egg yolk-an alternative to the production of mammalian IgG type antibodies in rabbits. ATLA 19: 403-419. 2. Justiz Vaillant AA, Akpaka PE, Smikle M, McFarlane-Anderson N (2012) In vitro Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates by Anti-Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies to Staphylococcal Protein (SpA). J Vaccines Vaccin 3: 127-131.3. Collins AM, Roberton DM, Hosking CS, Flannery GR (1991) Oral immunization with xenogeneic antibodies stimulates the production of systemic and mucosal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Immunology 73: 388-393. 4. Ho DD, Kaplan JC, Rackauskas IE, Gurney ME (1988) Second conserved domain of gp120 is important for HIV infectivity and antibody neutralization. Science 239: 1021-1023. 5. Polson A (1990) Isolation of IgY from the yolks of eggs by a chloroform polyethylene glycol procedure. Immunol Invest 19: 253-258.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Chicken immunization with Keyhole limpet hemocynin (KLH)-gp120 fragment (254-274) conjugate raises anti-KLH antibodies in egg yolks.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjvtkn6n Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: IgG is a monomer with an approximate molecular weight of 146 Kd and a serum concentration of 9.0 mg/mL. It is synthesized mostly in the secondary immune response to pathogens. IgG can activate the classical pathway of the complement system, and it also is highly protective. The four subclasses of IgG include IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. IgG crosses the placentae, protecting the neonate from infectious diseases. [1]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme 2020. ELISA for quantification of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj7skrne Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Regulatory B cells mainly secrete IL-35. One of the primary functions of this interleukin is its involvement in lymphocyte differentiation. It exhibits an immune-suppressive effect. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-35 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj37kqrn Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Il-38 acts on T cells and inhibits the synthesis of IL-17 and IL-22. The placenta, tonsil's B lymphocytes, spleen, skin, and thymus widely express IL-38. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-38 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj4dkqs6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Immune cells and activated epithelial cells secrete IL-20. It acts on epithelial cells. It plays a vital role in the cellular communication between epithelial cells and the immune system under inflammatory conditions.[1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-20 in human serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bkewktfe Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. IL-31 is produced mainly by Th2 cells and dendritic cells. It is a proinflammatory cytokine and a chemotactic factor that direct polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, and T cells to inflammatory lesions. IL-31 induces chemokines production and synthesis of IL-6, IL-16, and IL-32. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-31 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bkemktc6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Th9, Th2, Th17, mast cells, NKT cells, and regulatory T cells produce interleukin-9. It enhances T-cell survival, mast cell activation and synergy with erythropoietin.[1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Copy of ELISA for quantification of IL-7 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj28kqhw Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: IFN-γ is a key player in driving cellular immunity. It is capable of orchestrating numerous and vital protective functions to enhance immune responses in cancers and infectious diseases. It exhibits its immunomodulatory effects by enhancing antigen processing and presentation,, inducing an anti-viral state, increasing leukocyte trafficking, boosting the anti-microbial properties of immune cells and by affecting cellular proliferation and apoptosis. [1]ReferenceKak G, Raza M, Tiwari BK. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases.Biomol Concepts. 2018;9(1):64-79. Published 2018 May 30. doi:10.1515/bmc-2018-0007

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Belkis Ferrer-Cosme 2020. ELISA for quantification of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj7rkrm6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Binding properties of immunoglobulin-binding protein by double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony) technique.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjsjkncn Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Dendritic cells produced predominantly IL-25. It acts on various types of cells, including Th2 cells. It stimulates the synthesis of Th2 cytokine profile including IL-4 and IL-13. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-25 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj3tkqnn Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukin 23 activates the production of IL-17A, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, produced by a group of T helper cell known as T- helper17 lymphocytes in response to the said IL-23 [1,2].Reference1. Cho ML, Kang JW, Moon YM, Nam HJ, Jhun JY, Heo SB, Jin HT, Min SY, Ju JH, Park KS, Cho YG, Yoon CH, Park SH, Sung YC, Kim HY (May 2006). Journal of Immunology. 176 (9): 5652–61. 2. Nobee A, Justiz-Vaillant A, Akpaka PE, Poon-King P (2016) Levels of Interleukin 17 and 23 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Trinidad and Tobago. Immunochem Immunopathol 2: 115. doi: 10.4172/2469- 9756.1000115

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determining the serum concentration of IL-23 in humans.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjy2kpye Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Monica F. Smikle
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Streptococcal protein G is an immunoglobulin-binding protein that interacts with the Fc region of many mammalian immunoglobulins [1].References1.Vaillant AJ, McFarlane-Andersonv N, Wisdom B, Mohammed W, Vuma S, et al. (2013) Immunoglobulin-binding Bacterial Proteins (IBP) Conjugates and their Reactivity with Immunoglobulin in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). J Anal Bioanal Tech 4: 175. doi:10.4172/2155-9872.1000175

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant, Monica F. Smikle 2020. Direct ELISA for investigating the binding of Protein-G to immunoglobulins.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bjxrkpm6 Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. NK cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes make IL-21. It acts on various immune cells of innate and the adaptive immune systems. IL-21 promotes B and T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. It enhances NK cell activity. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-21 in human serum or plasma.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bketkten Copy   

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Authors: Angel Justiz-Vaillant
Group: University of the West Indies, [email protected]
Summary: Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Various phagocytes and epithelial cells synthesize Interleukin-34 (IL-34). It enhances IL-6 production and participates in the differentiation and development of antigen-presenting cells including microglia. [1]Reference1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.

Proper citation: Angel Justiz-Vaillant 2020. ELISA for quantification of IL-34 in human serum.. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bj36kqre Copy   

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